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**Wando** · (Son Düzenleme: 06-05-2012, Saat: 0:03, Düzenleyen: Wando.)

Sungkyunkwan / 성균관
Taehak (태학, 太學) olarak da adlandirilan Sungkyunkwan, Goryeo'nun son dönemi ile Joseon Hanedanligi boyunca Kore'nin en önde gelen egitim kurumuydu.

TARIHI
Gukjagam, Kral Seongjong tarafindan 992 yilinin Kasim ayinda kurulmus, Goryeo Hanedanligi süresince en yüksek egitim sistemi olmustur. Adi 1304 Haziran'inda Sungkyunkwan olarak degistikten sonra Goryeo Hanedanligi'nin son dönemlerine yakin bir zamanda Kral Gongmin'in hükümdarliginda 1367'de Seongmun-gwan'a tasinmistir.

1392'de Joseon Hanedanligi kurulduktan sonra Kral Taejo, Sungkyunkwan'i bugünkü Seoul olan Hanseong'a tasimis ve ulusal bir egitim sisteminin olusturulmasiyla Haziran 1398'de ülke çapindaki okul sayisi 360'a çikmistir.

Sungkyunkwan 1400'de çikan yangin sonucu yok olmus ve 1407'de yeniden insa edilmistir. Japon akinlarindan dolayi tahrip olunca 1601'de bir kez daha onarimdan geçmistir.

1910-1945 yillari arasindaki sömürge döneminde, kraliyet tarafindan özel bir kurum haline getirilerek Gyunghakwon adini almis ve Kore egitimi yasaklanarak Japon egitimi ülke çapinda zorunlu kilinmistir.

1945'te Kore'nin bagimsizligini ilan etmesiyle Gyeonghakwon adi yeniden Sungkyunkwan olarak degistirildi ve ülke çapindaki konfüçyüsçülerin destegiyle Sungkyunkwan Üniversitesi kuruldu.

YAPILARI VE YÖNETIMLERI
-Daeseongjeon (대성전): Konfüçyüs anitini içinde bulunduran tapinaktir.
-Dongmu (동무) ve Seomu (서무): Konfüçyüs'ün 10 ögrencisi ile 18 Koreli bilginin anitini içinde bulunduran tapinaktir.
-Myeongnyundang (서무): Temel çalismalar
-Jongyeonggak (존경각): Kütüphane
-Dongjae (동재) ve Seojae (서재): Yurtlar
-Bicheon-dang (비천당): Sinav binasi
-Jegigo (제기고): Törensel yiyeceklerin saklandigi depo
-Jinsasikdang (진사식당): Yemek binasi
-Jeongnokcheong (정록청): Yönetim binasi

Enstitü yöneticisi sampum (삼품) ile birlikte destek personeli olan daha düsük rütbeli görevlilerin Jwaeju (좨주), Akjeong (악정), Jikgang (직강), Baksa (박사), Hakjeong (학정), Haknok (학록), Hagyu (학유) adinda resmi bir ünvani vardi.

EGITIM
Sungkyunkwan'in ögretileri genellikle Konfüçyüsçülükle ilgiliydi ve genellikle kamu hizmetlerine ögrenci yetistirmeyi amaçliyordu. Asil amaçsa Çin klasiklerini resmi Neo-Konfüçyüsçülük açisindan degerlendirme kabiliyeti kazandirip ögrencilerin gwageo olarak da bilinen kamu hizmeti sinavlarini geçmelerini saglamakti.

Sungkyunkwan kuruldugunda 150 ögrencisi vardi ve 1429'da sayilari 200'e çikti.

Sungkyunkwan'a giris sinavlari son derece zordu ve yüksek rütbeli memurlar veya yangbanlarin çocuklarinin girmesine izin veriliyordu.

Sungkyunkwan'a kabul edilmenin iki yolu vardi. Ögrenciler, Saeng-wonsi (생원시) ve Jinsasi (진사시) ya da diger iki Seungbo (승보) ve Eumseo (음서) kabul sinavlarini geçmek zorundaydilar. Bu sinavlari geçmeleri halinde kendilerine okula kabul edilme firsati veriliyordu.

Ögrenciler kabul edildigi zaman egitim programini bitirmek ve ayni zamanda 300 Wonjeom (원점) asgari katilim puanini yerine getirmek kosuluyla kamu hizmeti sinavlarinin ilkine girmeye hak kazaniyorlardi.

TANINMIS MEZUNLAR
-Jeong Inji
-Shin Suk-ju
-Jo Gwang-jo
-Yi Hwang
-Yi I
-Yu Seong-ryong

Kaynak / Source

English
Sungkyunkwan / 성균관
Sungkyunkwan, also called Taehak (태학, 太學), was the foremost education institution in Korea during the late Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties.

HISTORY
Gukjagam, the highest education system during the Goryeo Dynasty was established in November of 992 by King Seongjong. Gukjagam was renamed Sungkyunkwan in June of 1304, and then relocated to the old site of Seongmun-gwan in 1367 during the reign of King Gongmin near the end of the Goryeo Dynasty.

After the founding of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392, King Taejo relocated Sungkyunkwan to Hanseong, current Seoul, and also founded 360 Hyanggyos nationwide in July of 1398, establishing a national education system.

Sungkyunkwan was destroyed by fire in 1400 and rebuilt in 1407.
Sungkyunkwan was rebuilt again in 1601 after it was destroyed during the Japanese invasions.

During the colonial era between 1910 - 1945, royal Sungkyunkwan was demoted to private institution and renamed to Gyunghakwon, and Korean education was prohibited and Japanese education was forced nationwide.

After Korea gained independence in 1945, Gyeonghakwon was renamed to Sungkyunkwan and with the funding from Yurim (confucians) nationwide, Sungkyunkwan University was established

BUILDINGS AND ADMINISTRATIONS
-Daeseongjeon (대성전): Shrine which holds the memorial for Confucius.
-Dongmu (동무) and Seomu (서무): Shrines which holds the memorial for Confucius' 10 students, and 18 Korean scholars.
-Myeongnyundang (명륜당): The main study.
-Jongyeonggak (존경각): Library
-Dongjae (동재) and Seojae (서재): Dormitories
-Bicheon-dang (비천당): Examination building
-Jegigo (제기고): Storage building for ceremonial dishes
-Jinsasikdang (진사식당): Dining building
-Jeongnokcheong (정록청): Administration building

The institution's administrator had a government rank of sampum (삼품), with lower ranking officials of Jwaeju (좨주), Akjeong (악정), Jikgang (직강), Baksa (박사), Hakjeong (학정), Haknok (학록), Hagyu (학유) as supporting staff.

EDUCATION
Sungkyunkwan's teachings were mainly Confucian-related, and was largely aimed at preparing students for government services. The main goal was for the students to pass the civil service examinations, also known as gwageo, which assessed the ability to interpret the Chinese classics in terms of official Neo-Confucian ideology.

The set number of students were 150 when Sungkyunkwan was founded, and raised to 200 in 1429.

Entrance examinations for Sungkyunkwan were extremely harsh, and was only allowed for the sons of high-ranking officials or yangbans.
There were two ways to be accepted into Sungkyunkwan. Either the students had to pass the two admission exams, Saeng-wonsi (생원시) and Jinsasi (진사시), or take the other two examinations, Seungbo (승보) and Eumseo (음서). If they passed these examinations, they were given the opportunity to be accepted.

Once accepted, the students had to complete the curriculum and also fulfill the minimal attendance score of 300 Wonjeom (원점) to qualify for the first test of the civil service exams.

NOTABLE ALUMNI
-Jeong Inji
-Shin Suk-ju
-Jo Gwang-jo
-Yi Hwang
-Yi I
-Yu Seong-ryong