Kim Gu / 김구 (Activist)
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Doğum Tarihi: 29 Ağustos 1876
Ölüm Tarihi: 26 Haziran 1949
Kim Gu, geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti’nin 6. ve son başkanıdır. Kendisi 1910-1945 yıllarında Japon sömürgesi durumunda olan Kore’nin bağımsızlığının sağlanmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Japon işgaline karşı çıkmış bir liderdir. Ayrıca takma adı Baekbeom (백범)’dur. Kore tarihinin en önemli figürlerinden biridir.
Kim Gu, 29 Ağustos 1876’da (Kameri takvime göre 11 Temmuz) Kore’de Teot-gol, Baek-un-bang, Haeju, Güney Hwanghae Vilayeti’nde doğdu. Babası Kim Soonyoung fakir bir çiftçiydi ve annesi de Kwak Nackwon’dur. Kim Gu’nun doğum adı Kim Changahm (김창암)’dir. 9 yaşındayken Seodang’da (geleneksel köy ilkokulu) Hangul (Korece) ve Hanja (Çince) çalışmış ve Çin klasik eserlerini (Zizhi Tongjian, Büyük Öğreti, Tang Hanedanlığı’nın Shi’si) öğrenmiştir. 17 yaşındayken Joseon İmparatorluğu’na ait bir sınava girdi ancak, başarılı olamadı. 1893’te Donghak (동학) hareketine katıldı ve adını Kim Changsoo (김창수) olarak değiştirdi. Organizasyon hızla büyüdü ve Kim, Palbong bölge lideri olarak gösterildi. Henüz 18 yaşındaydı. 1894’de Donghak Çiftçi Devrimi’nde Donghak Ordu Alayı’nı yönetti. Lideri Choi Si Hyung’un talimatlarını izleyen Kim Gu’nun askerleri Hwanghae-do’da ki Haeju kalesine saldırdı ama ordu devlet kuvvetlerine yenildi. Ardından Kim Gu arkadaşı Lee Dong-yeop tarafından Donghak organizasyonunda bozguna uğratıldı. Sonra kraliyet ordusundan General Tae-Hun'un (Ito Hirobumi’ye suikast yapan An Jung-geun’un babası) Kim Gu'nun Donghak isyanlarını genel isyan ilan etti ve onlara saldırdı. 20 yaşındayken Yalu nehri çevresinde karsılaştığı Kim I-eon ile beraber kraliyet ordusunun Gang-gye kalesine saldırdı. Qing Hanedanlığı’nın desteğini alan orduya yenildi. Başarısız olan Kim Gu gizli bir yere gitti.
Josuke Tsuchida Suikastı
8 Ekim 1895’te İmparator Gwangmu (Kral Gojong)’nun eşi İmparatoriçe Myeongseong (Kraliçe Min) bir grup Japon suikastçı tarafından katledilmişti (Eulmi Olayı). Kore’deki Japon Miura Goro, suikasttan dolayı şüpheli durumdaydı. Kim Gu, güney bölgelere yaptığı seyahat sırasında Şubat 1896’da Hwanghae Vilayeti Chihapo’da Inn’de kalmıştı. Burada bir Koreliyle tartışmakta olan Tsuchida Josuke(土田譲亮) adlı bir Japon gördü. Tsuchida Josuke, bir Japon kılıcı gizlemekteydi ve bu kılıç kraliçe suikastını yapan gruba aitti. Kim, biyografisi 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志) motivasyonunu tanımlar.
Bunu takip eden sabah Kim, Tsuchida‘nin kılıcını aldı ve onu kendi kılıcıyla öldürdü. Incheon Konsolosluğu idaresini Hagihara Moriichi, Tsuchida’yi “Nagasaki bölgesinden asil olmayan kimse” ve "bir iş yolculuğundaki tüccar” olarak rapor etti. Yine de bu açıklama Tsuchida’nin İmparatoriçe Myeongseong’u öldüren kişi olmadığını kanıtlamaz. Ancak, Japon polis kayıtlarına göre Tsuchida’nin bir kılıç taşıdığı doğrudur. Yine onun Japon ordusunda bulunduğuna dair bazı teşhisler de vardır.
Suikasttan sonra Kim, “Hwanhae Vilayeti Haeju’dan Kim Chansgsoo Kore Kraliçesi’nin intikamını almak için bu Japon’u öldürdü.” Şeklinde bir yazı içeren el yazması belgeyi bıraktı. Belge Baekbeom Ilji’de kayıtlıdır. Kim Gu, tutuklanmadan önce üç ay boyunca Haeju'daki evinde bekledi. Kim, sert işkenceler gördü ve idama mahkum edildi. Ancak idam kararı İmparator Gwangmu tarafından bozuldu. 1898'de hapishaneden kaçtı ve Chungcheong Vilayeti Gongju’daki bir Budist tapınak olan Magoksa’ya gitti.
Kore Bağımsızlık Hareketine Katılış
Kim, Hwanghae’ye döndükten sonra 1903-1908 yılları arasında bölgede bir kaç okul açtı ve kendini Korelileri aydınlatmaya ve onların eğitimine adadı. 1904’te Hwanghae Vilayeti Sincheon’dan Choi Junrye ile evlendi. 1905’te Kore’yi Japonya’nın mandası yapan Japonya ve Kore arasında Eulsa antlaşması yapıldı.
Kim, Seoul'da bu antlaşmaya karşı yapılan kitle protestosuna katıldı. Kim 1908'de Shinminhoi'ye (신민회, 新民會) katıldı. Shinminho Ahn Chang Ho, tarafından kurulan ulusal düzeyde gizli bir Kore bağımsızlık hareketi örgütüydü.
1910'da Japon sömürgeci hükümeti Yönetici ve General olan Terauchi Masatake’e suikast planlayan An Jung-Geun’un kuzeni An Myung Geun'u tutukladı. Ahn'in yakın bir arkadaşı olan Kim’in onun suç ortağı olabileceğinden şüphelenildi ve o da tutuklandı. Kim hapishaneye atıldı ve sert işkenceler gördü. Ancak, suikast girişimine dair hiçbir kanıt bulunamadı ve 3 yıl sonra serbest bırakıldı. Kim, hapishanede adını Kim Changsoo (김창수) yerine Kim Gu (김구) olarak değiştirdi, Baekbeom (백범, 白凡) takma adını kullandı. Kim biyografisinde bu isim değişikliğini Japon ulusal kayıtlarından serbest kalması için yaptığını söyledi. Ve de takma adı olan Baekbeom'i seçme sebebini de Baekbeom'in anlamının “sıradan kişi” olması ve Kore’nin bağımsızlık savaşında sıradan bir Koreli gibi dövüşeceğini göstermek için aldığını belirtti.
Şangay’da Geçici Hükümet
Kim, 1919'da Japon emperyalist hükümet tarafından şiddetle bastırılan 1 Mart Hareketi nedeniyle Çin’e Şangay’a sürgüne gitti. Şanghay'da Kim, Japon işgalinden Kore'yi kurtarmaya yemin eden geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti hükümetine katıldı. Kim, Emniyet Bakanı olarak hizmet ettikten sonra 1927'de geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti hükümetinin başkanı oldu. Kim, geçici hükümet tarafından pek çok defa daha bakanlığa seçilmişti.
Kim, 1931'de Koreli vatanseverlerden oluşan milliyetçi bir grup oluşturdu. Grup üyelerinden biri olan Yoon Bong-Gil, Şangay’da Japon askerlerince 29 Nisan 1932’de pusuya düşürüldü. Japon ordusu ve deniz kuvvetleri kumandanı hemen öldürüldü. Koreliler için bu büyük bir zaferdi. Diğer bir grup üyesi Lee Bong-chang, aynı yıl 8 Ocak'ta Tokyo'da Japon İmparator Hirohito'yu yok etmeyi denedi. Kim, Chiang Kai-shek’in milliyetçi hükümetinin kurulduğu Chongqing'e kaçtıktan sonra Kore Özgürlük Ordusu’nu kurdu ve orduyu General Ji Cheong-cheon yönetti.
Kim, Kore Özgürlük Ordusu’nu 1945’te Kore’ye ilerlemesi için düzenledi ancak birimin ayrılışından günler önce savaş bitmişti.
Kore’nin Özgürlüğü’nden Sonra
Kim Gu, 1945’te Japonya’nın müttefik kuvvetlere teslim olmasından sonra Seul’a döndü.
Yeni bağımsız ülkenin bölünmesinden sonra Kim, birleşme konusunda Kim Il-sung (daha sonra Kuzey Kore’nin başkanı oldu.) ile görüşmek için Pyongyang’a gitti ancak, görüşmeler başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı.
1948'de Güney Kore Ulusal Meclisi’nin açılış töreninde Kim başkanlık için aday gösterildi. Ulusal Meclis’te yapılan seçimi Syngman Rhee kazandı. (Oylamada hile yapıldığı söylentiler vardır.)
Ölümü
1949 yılında Kim, ofisindeyken Ahn Doo-hee tarafından suikasta uğradı. Suikasta Başkan Rhee'nin ve CIA'in karıştırılmış olabileceği akla gelmiştir ancak, buna dair hiçbir kanıt yoktur. Üstelik Ahn Doo hee Kim’i takiben 1996’da Syngman Rhee’nin sag kolu Kim Chang-ryong’a suikast tezgahladığını itiraf ettikten sonra suikasta uğradı.
Çeviri: SUNSHINE
English
Date of Birth: August 29, 1876
Date of Death: June 26, 1949
Kim Gu (김구 金九, August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949), the sixth and later the last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, was a leader of Korean independence movement against the Japanese occupation of Korea that lasted from 1910 to 1945 and a reunification activist who had struggled for the independent reunification of Korea since its national division in 1945.
Also known by his pen name Baekbeom (백범 白凡), he has been constantly regarded as one of the greatest figures in modern Korean history.
Early Accounts
Kim Gu was born on August 29 (Lunar Calendar July 11), 1876 at Teot-gol, Baek-un-bang, Haeju, South Hwanghae Province, Korea, the lone son of poor farmer Kim Soonyoung and his wife Kwak Nackwon. His name at birth was Kim Changahm (김창암 金昌巖). When he was nine years old, he studied both hangul and hanja and he learned Chinese classic texts (Zizhi Tongjian, Great Learning, Shi of Tang Dynasty) at a seodang(a traditional village primary school). At 17, he applied for the Imperial examination of Joseon but failed. He joined the Donghak (동학 東學) movement in 1893 and changed his name to Kim Changsoo (김창수 金昌洙). As the organization grew rapidly, he was appointed the district leader of Palbong, who at the age of 18 led hundreds of subordinates a year later; he commanded a Donghak army regiment in the 1894 Donghak Peasant Revolution. Following the instruction of his leader Choi Si Hyung, Kim Gu's troops stormed the Haeju fort in Hwanghae-do, but the army was defeated by governmental forces. After that, Kim Gu was defeated by his companion, Lee Dong-yeop in the turf war of Donghak’s organization. Thereafter, General An Tae-hun (father of An Jung-geun the assassin of Ito Hirobumi) of the royal army gave Kim Gu's Donghak rebels a safe pass, but other government troops ignored An's safe pass and attacked them. At 20, with Kim I-eon whom he had met around Yalu River, he attacked the royal army of Gang-gye fort, supported by Qing Dynasty's army; but the attack failed and Kim Gu went into hiding.
Assassination of Josuke Tsuchida
On October 8, 1895, Empress Myeongseong (Queen Min), the wife of Emperor Gwangmu (King Gojong) of the Korean Empire was assassinated by a group of Japanese assassins (the Eulmi Incident). Miura Goro, then Japan's Resident Minister in Korea, was suspected as the mastermind of the assassination. In February 1896, Kim stayed at an Inn in Chihapo, Hwanghae Province while traveling to southern regions. There he found a Japanese man named Tsuchida Josuke(土田譲亮), who was disgusing as a Korean and concealing a Japanese sword and killed him for being involved in the assassination of the queen. In his biography 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志), Kim describes his motivation at the time as follows.
In the following morning, Kim attacked Tsuchida, took his sword, and killed him with it. The "Report from acting administrator Hagihara Moriichi of Incheon Consulate on the current situation of Incheon" describes Tsuchida as a "commoner from Nagasaki Prefecture" and an "employee of a Nagasaki trader on a business trip" . However, this does not prove that Tsuchida was not involved in the assassination of the Empress Myeongseong, as this assassination was carried out by not only Japanese soldiers but also many Japanese Ronins as described in the report by Ezo Ishizuka (石塚英藏), the Japanese consultant to the Korean Empire at the time. In addition, Kim stated in 'Baekbeom Ilji' that Tsuchida was concealing a sword had identification papers that showed him to be a Japanese army lieutenant. Official Japanese interrogation police records from also verify the fact that Tsuchida was carrying around a sword.
After the killing, Kim left a hand-written document which said "Kim Changsoo from Haeju, Hwanghae Province, killed this Japanese man to revenge the murder of Korean Queen", as documented in Baekbeom Ilji. He waited at his home at Haeju for three month before the police came and arrested him. Kim was severely tortured and sentenced to the death penalty, but his execution was suspended by the order from Emperor Gwangmu. In 1898 he broke out of prison and escaped into Magoksa, a Buddhist temple in Gongju, Chungcheong province.
Joining Korean independence movement
After returning to Hwanghae, Kim founded several schools in the area between 1903 and 1908 and devoted himself to enlightenment and education of Korean people. In 1904, he married Choi Junrye from Sincheon, Hwanghae Province. In 1905, the Eulsa Treaty was made between Japan and Korea, making Korea a protectorate of Japan. Kim participated in mass protest against the treaty in Seoul and presented a memorial to Emperor Gwangmu urging him to withdraw from the treaty. In 1908, Kim joined Shinminhoi (신민회, 新民會), a national-level underground organization established by Ahn Chang Ho for nonviolent Korean independence movement.
In 1910, the Japanese colonial government arrested An Myung Geun, a cousin of An Jung-Geun, for plotting to assassinate Governor-General Terauchi Masatake. Kim, who was a close friend of Ahn, was suspected to be an accomplice and arrested as well. Kim was jailed and severely tortured, but no evidence linking him to the assassination attempt was found, and he was released from prison after 3 years. In the prison, Kim changed his name from Kim Changsoo (김창수) to Kim Gu (김구) and adopted the pen name of Baekbeom (백범, 白凡). Kim stated in his biography that the change of his name symbolized breaking free from Japanese nationality records and that he chose the pen name Baekbeom, which means "ordinary person", hoping every ordinary Korean person would fight for the independence of Korea.
Shanghai Provisional Government
Kim exiled himself to Shanghai, China in 1919 after a nationwide non-violent resistance movement, known as the March 1st Movement, was violently suppressed by the Japanese imperialist government. In Shanghai, Kim joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which vowed to liberate Korea from Japanese occupation. After serving as the Police Minister, Kim became the president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1927. He was re-elected to the office many times by the Provisional Assembly.
In 1931 he organized a nationalist group, Korea Patriotic Legion. One of the members, Yoon Bong-Gil, ambushed and eliminated the Japanese military leadership in Shanghai on April 29, 1932. The commander of the Japanese Army and Navy died instantly. It was a great victory for the Korean cause. Another member, Lee Bong-chang, tried to eliminate the Japanese emperor Hirohito in Tokyo on January 8 of the same year. After escaping to Chongqing where Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government was established, Kim established the Korean Liberation Army, commanded by General Ji Cheong-cheon. When the Pacific War broke out on December 8, 1941, Kim Gu declared war on Japan and Germany, and committed the Korean Liberation Army to the Allied side, which took part in warfare in China and Southeast Asia. Kim organised for the Korean Liberation Army to advance to Korea in 1945, but days before the departure of the leading unit, the war ended.
After Korean Liberation
He returned to Seoul upon the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945.
As the division of the newly-independent country became obvious, he led a team of former independence activists to Pyongyang to hold unification talks with Kim Il-sung (who later became the president of North Korea), but failed drastically after being humiliated by Kim Il-Sung.
In 1948, the inaugural National Assembly of South Korea nominated Kim as a candidate for the office of the first president of the Republic. In the election by the National Assembly, Kim was defeated by Syngman Rhee, the first president of the provisional government who was impeached in 1925, by a vote of 180-16. He also lost the election for vice presidency to Lee Si-yeong (이시영) by a vote of 133-59. Kim himself didn't know about his nominations until after the election, and he did not approve the nomination, considering it a ploy to discredit him.
Death and Legacy
In 1949 Kim was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee in his office. Although some suggest there may have been a right-wing conspiracy to assassinate him in which even president Rhee and the CIA could have been involved, no details of the assassination have been revealed. Moreover, Ahn Doo-hee was murdered by a follower of Kim's in 1996 after he allegedly confessed that Kim Chang-ryong masterminded the assassination, thus further obscuring the prospect of finding the motive of assassination.
'My desire'
In his autobiography Baekbeomilji, Kim expressed his desire with which he carried all his life time:
If God asked me what was my wish, I would reply unhesitatingly, "Korean independence."
If He asked me what was my next wish, I would again answer, "Our nation's independence."
If He asked me the same question for the third time, I would reply in an even louder voice, "My wish is our Great Korean Nation's Complete Independence."
...Recently, some of our brothers have said that they want our nation to be a part of a federation of another country. I don't believe this, and if there is really someone who does, I can only say that he is crazy and has lost his mind.
I've studied the ideas of Confucius, Buddha, and Jesus; I respect them as saints, but even if there's a heaven made by them, it's not a nation created by our nation, and I will never take our nation there.
It is because, a nation which share the blood and history is clear and just like my body can't be other's, the reason that a certain nation can't become other is as same as even brothers living in same house. If two gathers and becomes one, one would be higher and other lower, so it becomes a basic problem that one orders from above, and other obeys from below.
And so-called leftists denies the motherland of blood, and say such and such of so-called motherland of ideology, ignores brothers of blood-ties, and claims the so-called comrade of ideology and international class of proletariat, and speak as if nationalism is outside of truth.
This is foolish thinking. Philosophy change and theories of politics and economics are only a snap, but nation's success is everlasting.
...I want our nation to become the most beautiful nation in the world. I do not want our nation to become the richest and powerful nation in the world. Because I have felt the pain of being invaded by another nation, I do not want my nation to invade others. It is sufficient that our wealth is such that it makes our lives abundant and our military strength such that it is able to repel others' invasion. The only thing that I desire in infinite quantity is the power of a highly-developed culture. This is because the power of culture both makes ourselves happy and gives happiness to others.
He was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation, the most prestigious civil decoration in the Republic of Korea. His autobiography, Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom, 백범일지) is an important source for study of history of Korean independence movement and has been designated as cultural treasure No. 1245 by the Korean government.[6] A steady seller in Korea, the autobiography was first published in 1947 and republished in more than 10 versions in Korea and abroad.
He has been constantly regarded as one of the greatest figures in Korean history. For example, he was voted in a 2004 online poll as the greatest leader after the restoration of Korean independence and in 2005 as the most revered figure by Korean National Assemblymen. In 2007 national surveys, Kim received the most vote as the Korean historic figure whose portrait should be featured in new Korean banknotes that will be issued in 2009. [9][10] On November 5, 2007, the Bank of Korea, the national central bank of the Republic of Korea, announced the new 100,000 Korean won bill would feature Kim's portrait.
His second son, Kim Shin (1922-), was a founding member of Republic of Korea Air Force, the Chief of Korean Air Force, a National Assemblyperson, and the Minister of Transportation, and is currently the Director of Kim Koo Museum and Library. His grandson, Kim Yang (1953-), was appointed as the Korean Consulate General in Shanghai, China in 2005 and as the Minister of Patriots and Veteran Affairs of Korea in 2008.
Kaynak / Source
Doğum Tarihi: 29 Ağustos 1876
Ölüm Tarihi: 26 Haziran 1949
Kim Gu, geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti’nin 6. ve son başkanıdır. Kendisi 1910-1945 yıllarında Japon sömürgesi durumunda olan Kore’nin bağımsızlığının sağlanmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Japon işgaline karşı çıkmış bir liderdir. Ayrıca takma adı Baekbeom (백범)’dur. Kore tarihinin en önemli figürlerinden biridir.
Kim Gu, 29 Ağustos 1876’da (Kameri takvime göre 11 Temmuz) Kore’de Teot-gol, Baek-un-bang, Haeju, Güney Hwanghae Vilayeti’nde doğdu. Babası Kim Soonyoung fakir bir çiftçiydi ve annesi de Kwak Nackwon’dur. Kim Gu’nun doğum adı Kim Changahm (김창암)’dir. 9 yaşındayken Seodang’da (geleneksel köy ilkokulu) Hangul (Korece) ve Hanja (Çince) çalışmış ve Çin klasik eserlerini (Zizhi Tongjian, Büyük Öğreti, Tang Hanedanlığı’nın Shi’si) öğrenmiştir. 17 yaşındayken Joseon İmparatorluğu’na ait bir sınava girdi ancak, başarılı olamadı. 1893’te Donghak (동학) hareketine katıldı ve adını Kim Changsoo (김창수) olarak değiştirdi. Organizasyon hızla büyüdü ve Kim, Palbong bölge lideri olarak gösterildi. Henüz 18 yaşındaydı. 1894’de Donghak Çiftçi Devrimi’nde Donghak Ordu Alayı’nı yönetti. Lideri Choi Si Hyung’un talimatlarını izleyen Kim Gu’nun askerleri Hwanghae-do’da ki Haeju kalesine saldırdı ama ordu devlet kuvvetlerine yenildi. Ardından Kim Gu arkadaşı Lee Dong-yeop tarafından Donghak organizasyonunda bozguna uğratıldı. Sonra kraliyet ordusundan General Tae-Hun'un (Ito Hirobumi’ye suikast yapan An Jung-geun’un babası) Kim Gu'nun Donghak isyanlarını genel isyan ilan etti ve onlara saldırdı. 20 yaşındayken Yalu nehri çevresinde karsılaştığı Kim I-eon ile beraber kraliyet ordusunun Gang-gye kalesine saldırdı. Qing Hanedanlığı’nın desteğini alan orduya yenildi. Başarısız olan Kim Gu gizli bir yere gitti.
Josuke Tsuchida Suikastı
8 Ekim 1895’te İmparator Gwangmu (Kral Gojong)’nun eşi İmparatoriçe Myeongseong (Kraliçe Min) bir grup Japon suikastçı tarafından katledilmişti (Eulmi Olayı). Kore’deki Japon Miura Goro, suikasttan dolayı şüpheli durumdaydı. Kim Gu, güney bölgelere yaptığı seyahat sırasında Şubat 1896’da Hwanghae Vilayeti Chihapo’da Inn’de kalmıştı. Burada bir Koreliyle tartışmakta olan Tsuchida Josuke(土田譲亮) adlı bir Japon gördü. Tsuchida Josuke, bir Japon kılıcı gizlemekteydi ve bu kılıç kraliçe suikastını yapan gruba aitti. Kim, biyografisi 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志) motivasyonunu tanımlar.
Bunu takip eden sabah Kim, Tsuchida‘nin kılıcını aldı ve onu kendi kılıcıyla öldürdü. Incheon Konsolosluğu idaresini Hagihara Moriichi, Tsuchida’yi “Nagasaki bölgesinden asil olmayan kimse” ve "bir iş yolculuğundaki tüccar” olarak rapor etti. Yine de bu açıklama Tsuchida’nin İmparatoriçe Myeongseong’u öldüren kişi olmadığını kanıtlamaz. Ancak, Japon polis kayıtlarına göre Tsuchida’nin bir kılıç taşıdığı doğrudur. Yine onun Japon ordusunda bulunduğuna dair bazı teşhisler de vardır.
Suikasttan sonra Kim, “Hwanhae Vilayeti Haeju’dan Kim Chansgsoo Kore Kraliçesi’nin intikamını almak için bu Japon’u öldürdü.” Şeklinde bir yazı içeren el yazması belgeyi bıraktı. Belge Baekbeom Ilji’de kayıtlıdır. Kim Gu, tutuklanmadan önce üç ay boyunca Haeju'daki evinde bekledi. Kim, sert işkenceler gördü ve idama mahkum edildi. Ancak idam kararı İmparator Gwangmu tarafından bozuldu. 1898'de hapishaneden kaçtı ve Chungcheong Vilayeti Gongju’daki bir Budist tapınak olan Magoksa’ya gitti.
Kore Bağımsızlık Hareketine Katılış
Kim, Hwanghae’ye döndükten sonra 1903-1908 yılları arasında bölgede bir kaç okul açtı ve kendini Korelileri aydınlatmaya ve onların eğitimine adadı. 1904’te Hwanghae Vilayeti Sincheon’dan Choi Junrye ile evlendi. 1905’te Kore’yi Japonya’nın mandası yapan Japonya ve Kore arasında Eulsa antlaşması yapıldı.
Kim, Seoul'da bu antlaşmaya karşı yapılan kitle protestosuna katıldı. Kim 1908'de Shinminhoi'ye (신민회, 新民會) katıldı. Shinminho Ahn Chang Ho, tarafından kurulan ulusal düzeyde gizli bir Kore bağımsızlık hareketi örgütüydü.
1910'da Japon sömürgeci hükümeti Yönetici ve General olan Terauchi Masatake’e suikast planlayan An Jung-Geun’un kuzeni An Myung Geun'u tutukladı. Ahn'in yakın bir arkadaşı olan Kim’in onun suç ortağı olabileceğinden şüphelenildi ve o da tutuklandı. Kim hapishaneye atıldı ve sert işkenceler gördü. Ancak, suikast girişimine dair hiçbir kanıt bulunamadı ve 3 yıl sonra serbest bırakıldı. Kim, hapishanede adını Kim Changsoo (김창수) yerine Kim Gu (김구) olarak değiştirdi, Baekbeom (백범, 白凡) takma adını kullandı. Kim biyografisinde bu isim değişikliğini Japon ulusal kayıtlarından serbest kalması için yaptığını söyledi. Ve de takma adı olan Baekbeom'i seçme sebebini de Baekbeom'in anlamının “sıradan kişi” olması ve Kore’nin bağımsızlık savaşında sıradan bir Koreli gibi dövüşeceğini göstermek için aldığını belirtti.
Şangay’da Geçici Hükümet
Kim, 1919'da Japon emperyalist hükümet tarafından şiddetle bastırılan 1 Mart Hareketi nedeniyle Çin’e Şangay’a sürgüne gitti. Şanghay'da Kim, Japon işgalinden Kore'yi kurtarmaya yemin eden geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti hükümetine katıldı. Kim, Emniyet Bakanı olarak hizmet ettikten sonra 1927'de geçici Kore Cumhuriyeti hükümetinin başkanı oldu. Kim, geçici hükümet tarafından pek çok defa daha bakanlığa seçilmişti.
Kim, 1931'de Koreli vatanseverlerden oluşan milliyetçi bir grup oluşturdu. Grup üyelerinden biri olan Yoon Bong-Gil, Şangay’da Japon askerlerince 29 Nisan 1932’de pusuya düşürüldü. Japon ordusu ve deniz kuvvetleri kumandanı hemen öldürüldü. Koreliler için bu büyük bir zaferdi. Diğer bir grup üyesi Lee Bong-chang, aynı yıl 8 Ocak'ta Tokyo'da Japon İmparator Hirohito'yu yok etmeyi denedi. Kim, Chiang Kai-shek’in milliyetçi hükümetinin kurulduğu Chongqing'e kaçtıktan sonra Kore Özgürlük Ordusu’nu kurdu ve orduyu General Ji Cheong-cheon yönetti.
Kim, Kore Özgürlük Ordusu’nu 1945’te Kore’ye ilerlemesi için düzenledi ancak birimin ayrılışından günler önce savaş bitmişti.
Kore’nin Özgürlüğü’nden Sonra
Kim Gu, 1945’te Japonya’nın müttefik kuvvetlere teslim olmasından sonra Seul’a döndü.
Yeni bağımsız ülkenin bölünmesinden sonra Kim, birleşme konusunda Kim Il-sung (daha sonra Kuzey Kore’nin başkanı oldu.) ile görüşmek için Pyongyang’a gitti ancak, görüşmeler başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı.
1948'de Güney Kore Ulusal Meclisi’nin açılış töreninde Kim başkanlık için aday gösterildi. Ulusal Meclis’te yapılan seçimi Syngman Rhee kazandı. (Oylamada hile yapıldığı söylentiler vardır.)
Ölümü
1949 yılında Kim, ofisindeyken Ahn Doo-hee tarafından suikasta uğradı. Suikasta Başkan Rhee'nin ve CIA'in karıştırılmış olabileceği akla gelmiştir ancak, buna dair hiçbir kanıt yoktur. Üstelik Ahn Doo hee Kim’i takiben 1996’da Syngman Rhee’nin sag kolu Kim Chang-ryong’a suikast tezgahladığını itiraf ettikten sonra suikasta uğradı.
Çeviri: SUNSHINE
English
Date of Birth: August 29, 1876
Date of Death: June 26, 1949
Kim Gu (김구 金九, August 29, 1876 – June 26, 1949), the sixth and later the last president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, was a leader of Korean independence movement against the Japanese occupation of Korea that lasted from 1910 to 1945 and a reunification activist who had struggled for the independent reunification of Korea since its national division in 1945.
Also known by his pen name Baekbeom (백범 白凡), he has been constantly regarded as one of the greatest figures in modern Korean history.
Early Accounts
Kim Gu was born on August 29 (Lunar Calendar July 11), 1876 at Teot-gol, Baek-un-bang, Haeju, South Hwanghae Province, Korea, the lone son of poor farmer Kim Soonyoung and his wife Kwak Nackwon. His name at birth was Kim Changahm (김창암 金昌巖). When he was nine years old, he studied both hangul and hanja and he learned Chinese classic texts (Zizhi Tongjian, Great Learning, Shi of Tang Dynasty) at a seodang(a traditional village primary school). At 17, he applied for the Imperial examination of Joseon but failed. He joined the Donghak (동학 東學) movement in 1893 and changed his name to Kim Changsoo (김창수 金昌洙). As the organization grew rapidly, he was appointed the district leader of Palbong, who at the age of 18 led hundreds of subordinates a year later; he commanded a Donghak army regiment in the 1894 Donghak Peasant Revolution. Following the instruction of his leader Choi Si Hyung, Kim Gu's troops stormed the Haeju fort in Hwanghae-do, but the army was defeated by governmental forces. After that, Kim Gu was defeated by his companion, Lee Dong-yeop in the turf war of Donghak’s organization. Thereafter, General An Tae-hun (father of An Jung-geun the assassin of Ito Hirobumi) of the royal army gave Kim Gu's Donghak rebels a safe pass, but other government troops ignored An's safe pass and attacked them. At 20, with Kim I-eon whom he had met around Yalu River, he attacked the royal army of Gang-gye fort, supported by Qing Dynasty's army; but the attack failed and Kim Gu went into hiding.
Assassination of Josuke Tsuchida
On October 8, 1895, Empress Myeongseong (Queen Min), the wife of Emperor Gwangmu (King Gojong) of the Korean Empire was assassinated by a group of Japanese assassins (the Eulmi Incident). Miura Goro, then Japan's Resident Minister in Korea, was suspected as the mastermind of the assassination. In February 1896, Kim stayed at an Inn in Chihapo, Hwanghae Province while traveling to southern regions. There he found a Japanese man named Tsuchida Josuke(土田譲亮), who was disgusing as a Korean and concealing a Japanese sword and killed him for being involved in the assassination of the queen. In his biography 'Baekbeom Ilji' (白凡逸志), Kim describes his motivation at the time as follows.
In the following morning, Kim attacked Tsuchida, took his sword, and killed him with it. The "Report from acting administrator Hagihara Moriichi of Incheon Consulate on the current situation of Incheon" describes Tsuchida as a "commoner from Nagasaki Prefecture" and an "employee of a Nagasaki trader on a business trip" . However, this does not prove that Tsuchida was not involved in the assassination of the Empress Myeongseong, as this assassination was carried out by not only Japanese soldiers but also many Japanese Ronins as described in the report by Ezo Ishizuka (石塚英藏), the Japanese consultant to the Korean Empire at the time. In addition, Kim stated in 'Baekbeom Ilji' that Tsuchida was concealing a sword had identification papers that showed him to be a Japanese army lieutenant. Official Japanese interrogation police records from also verify the fact that Tsuchida was carrying around a sword.
After the killing, Kim left a hand-written document which said "Kim Changsoo from Haeju, Hwanghae Province, killed this Japanese man to revenge the murder of Korean Queen", as documented in Baekbeom Ilji. He waited at his home at Haeju for three month before the police came and arrested him. Kim was severely tortured and sentenced to the death penalty, but his execution was suspended by the order from Emperor Gwangmu. In 1898 he broke out of prison and escaped into Magoksa, a Buddhist temple in Gongju, Chungcheong province.
Joining Korean independence movement
After returning to Hwanghae, Kim founded several schools in the area between 1903 and 1908 and devoted himself to enlightenment and education of Korean people. In 1904, he married Choi Junrye from Sincheon, Hwanghae Province. In 1905, the Eulsa Treaty was made between Japan and Korea, making Korea a protectorate of Japan. Kim participated in mass protest against the treaty in Seoul and presented a memorial to Emperor Gwangmu urging him to withdraw from the treaty. In 1908, Kim joined Shinminhoi (신민회, 新民會), a national-level underground organization established by Ahn Chang Ho for nonviolent Korean independence movement.
In 1910, the Japanese colonial government arrested An Myung Geun, a cousin of An Jung-Geun, for plotting to assassinate Governor-General Terauchi Masatake. Kim, who was a close friend of Ahn, was suspected to be an accomplice and arrested as well. Kim was jailed and severely tortured, but no evidence linking him to the assassination attempt was found, and he was released from prison after 3 years. In the prison, Kim changed his name from Kim Changsoo (김창수) to Kim Gu (김구) and adopted the pen name of Baekbeom (백범, 白凡). Kim stated in his biography that the change of his name symbolized breaking free from Japanese nationality records and that he chose the pen name Baekbeom, which means "ordinary person", hoping every ordinary Korean person would fight for the independence of Korea.
Shanghai Provisional Government
Kim exiled himself to Shanghai, China in 1919 after a nationwide non-violent resistance movement, known as the March 1st Movement, was violently suppressed by the Japanese imperialist government. In Shanghai, Kim joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which vowed to liberate Korea from Japanese occupation. After serving as the Police Minister, Kim became the president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in 1927. He was re-elected to the office many times by the Provisional Assembly.
In 1931 he organized a nationalist group, Korea Patriotic Legion. One of the members, Yoon Bong-Gil, ambushed and eliminated the Japanese military leadership in Shanghai on April 29, 1932. The commander of the Japanese Army and Navy died instantly. It was a great victory for the Korean cause. Another member, Lee Bong-chang, tried to eliminate the Japanese emperor Hirohito in Tokyo on January 8 of the same year. After escaping to Chongqing where Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government was established, Kim established the Korean Liberation Army, commanded by General Ji Cheong-cheon. When the Pacific War broke out on December 8, 1941, Kim Gu declared war on Japan and Germany, and committed the Korean Liberation Army to the Allied side, which took part in warfare in China and Southeast Asia. Kim organised for the Korean Liberation Army to advance to Korea in 1945, but days before the departure of the leading unit, the war ended.
After Korean Liberation
He returned to Seoul upon the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945.
As the division of the newly-independent country became obvious, he led a team of former independence activists to Pyongyang to hold unification talks with Kim Il-sung (who later became the president of North Korea), but failed drastically after being humiliated by Kim Il-Sung.
In 1948, the inaugural National Assembly of South Korea nominated Kim as a candidate for the office of the first president of the Republic. In the election by the National Assembly, Kim was defeated by Syngman Rhee, the first president of the provisional government who was impeached in 1925, by a vote of 180-16. He also lost the election for vice presidency to Lee Si-yeong (이시영) by a vote of 133-59. Kim himself didn't know about his nominations until after the election, and he did not approve the nomination, considering it a ploy to discredit him.
Death and Legacy
In 1949 Kim was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee in his office. Although some suggest there may have been a right-wing conspiracy to assassinate him in which even president Rhee and the CIA could have been involved, no details of the assassination have been revealed. Moreover, Ahn Doo-hee was murdered by a follower of Kim's in 1996 after he allegedly confessed that Kim Chang-ryong masterminded the assassination, thus further obscuring the prospect of finding the motive of assassination.
'My desire'
In his autobiography Baekbeomilji, Kim expressed his desire with which he carried all his life time:
If God asked me what was my wish, I would reply unhesitatingly, "Korean independence."
If He asked me what was my next wish, I would again answer, "Our nation's independence."
If He asked me the same question for the third time, I would reply in an even louder voice, "My wish is our Great Korean Nation's Complete Independence."
...Recently, some of our brothers have said that they want our nation to be a part of a federation of another country. I don't believe this, and if there is really someone who does, I can only say that he is crazy and has lost his mind.
I've studied the ideas of Confucius, Buddha, and Jesus; I respect them as saints, but even if there's a heaven made by them, it's not a nation created by our nation, and I will never take our nation there.
It is because, a nation which share the blood and history is clear and just like my body can't be other's, the reason that a certain nation can't become other is as same as even brothers living in same house. If two gathers and becomes one, one would be higher and other lower, so it becomes a basic problem that one orders from above, and other obeys from below.
And so-called leftists denies the motherland of blood, and say such and such of so-called motherland of ideology, ignores brothers of blood-ties, and claims the so-called comrade of ideology and international class of proletariat, and speak as if nationalism is outside of truth.
This is foolish thinking. Philosophy change and theories of politics and economics are only a snap, but nation's success is everlasting.
...I want our nation to become the most beautiful nation in the world. I do not want our nation to become the richest and powerful nation in the world. Because I have felt the pain of being invaded by another nation, I do not want my nation to invade others. It is sufficient that our wealth is such that it makes our lives abundant and our military strength such that it is able to repel others' invasion. The only thing that I desire in infinite quantity is the power of a highly-developed culture. This is because the power of culture both makes ourselves happy and gives happiness to others.
He was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation, the most prestigious civil decoration in the Republic of Korea. His autobiography, Baekbeomilji (Journal of Baekbeom, 백범일지) is an important source for study of history of Korean independence movement and has been designated as cultural treasure No. 1245 by the Korean government.[6] A steady seller in Korea, the autobiography was first published in 1947 and republished in more than 10 versions in Korea and abroad.
He has been constantly regarded as one of the greatest figures in Korean history. For example, he was voted in a 2004 online poll as the greatest leader after the restoration of Korean independence and in 2005 as the most revered figure by Korean National Assemblymen. In 2007 national surveys, Kim received the most vote as the Korean historic figure whose portrait should be featured in new Korean banknotes that will be issued in 2009. [9][10] On November 5, 2007, the Bank of Korea, the national central bank of the Republic of Korea, announced the new 100,000 Korean won bill would feature Kim's portrait.
His second son, Kim Shin (1922-), was a founding member of Republic of Korea Air Force, the Chief of Korean Air Force, a National Assemblyperson, and the Minister of Transportation, and is currently the Director of Kim Koo Museum and Library. His grandson, Kim Yang (1953-), was appointed as the Korean Consulate General in Shanghai, China in 2005 and as the Minister of Patriots and Veteran Affairs of Korea in 2008.
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