Yeongyang-wang / 영양왕 (Goguryeo)
![[Resim: yeongyang.jpg]](http://img15.imageshack.us/img15/8081/yeongyang.jpg)
King Yeongyang (590-618) /영양왕 or 평양왕
Goguryeo Krali olan Yeong-yang 590-618 yillari arasinda yani 28 yil tahtta kalmistir.
Goguryeo’nun 26. kralidir. Goguryeo Kore’deki 3 kralliktan kuzeyde bulunanidir.
Kral Yeong-yang, Kral Pyeongwon’un (559-590) en büyük ogludur.
598-614 yillari arasinda Çin’in Sui Hanedanligi tarafindan yapilan akinlari geri püskürtmekle ugrasti. Ayni zamanda bu dönemde çok önemli savas olarak bilinen Goguryeo-Sui savasi da olmustu. Kral Yeongyang, baslarinda Çin hükümdarlari bulunan Wendi ve Yangdi’ye ait olan 4 Çin karargahini yok etti. 612 yilinda büyük bir saldiri yapti ve ordusuyla bereaber toplamda bir milyondan fazla Çin askerini öldürdüler.
Kore’nin en bilindik tarih kitabi olan Samguk Sagi’ye göre Yeong-yang’in beklenildigi gibi güçlü görünen bir karizmasi yoktu. Yüce gönüllü olan bir karaktere sahipti. O insanlarin acisini azaltmayi ve onlara her zaman barisi getirmeyi isteyen bir kisiydi. Babasi tarafindan 566 yilinda veliaht prens ilan edildi. 590 yilinda babasi öldügünde de tahtin basina geçti.
Yeong-yang zamaninda 3 kralliktan biri olan Goguryeo en parlak dönemini yasadi. Onun güçlü olmasi Çin’in de kendine çeki düzen vermesini ve güçlü olmaya çalismasini sagladi. Ilk zamanlar Yeong-yang, Çin hükümdari olan Wendi ile güzel iliskiler içinde oldu. Onlarin geleneklerini kendi ülkesinde de benimsedi.
Ayni zamanda Kral Yeong-yang kuzey tarafinda bulunan Khitan ve Mohe kabileleri ile de iyi iliskiler içinde oldu. Babasi zamaninda Çin ile kötü dönemler yasamis olmalari daha sonralarda Çin ile olan savaslarin baslamasina neden oldu.
598 yilinda Sui imparatoru Wendi, Goguryeo ordusunun Liaodong Yarimadasina saldiri yapmasi üzerine çok kizdi. Bu durumla Han Imparatorlugu da dalga geçti ve Sui Imparatorlugunu kizdirip kiskirttilar. Çin Imparatoru Wendi ise 300.000 askerle 598 yilinda Goguryeo’ya saldirdi. O yildaki savasta Çin ordusu yenilgiye ugradi. (Hastaliklar ve mevsim sartlari yüzünden yenildiler. Çok siddetli firtinalar oluyordu.)
607 yilinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi Goguryeo’nun (dogudaki Türkler olan) Göktürk hükümdari olan Qiren Khan (?-609) ile aralarinin iyi oldugunu ögrendi. Bu sebeple 612 yilinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi Goguryeo’ya denizden saldirdi. Goguryeo General Eulji Mundeok sayesinde bu savasi da kazandi.
613 ve 614 yillarinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi yine saldirilar düzenledi Goguryeo'ya. Ancak bu saldirilar da çok zayifti ve basari elde edemedi. Kargasa ve iç karisikliklar yüzünden 618 yilinda Sui ordusu yenildi.
Ayni yil Yeong-yang öldü ve yerine üvey kardesi Go Geon-mu geçti. Bu arada Goguryeo Baekje ve Silla’ya da saldirmaya basladi. Silla ise Goguryeo ve Baekje saldirina ugradi.
Silla ise Çin imparatorugu olan Tang ile isbirligi yapti.
Yeong-yang döneminde yasanilan olaylar “Sinjip” (신집, 新集) adinda bir kitapta toplanmisti. Ancak günümüze bir kopyasi ulasamadi.
Çeviri: Melissaa
English
Yeongyang of Goguryeo
King Yeong-yang of Goguryeo (?-618, r. 590-618) was the 26th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of King Pyeongwon (r. 559-590).
He is noted for repelling a series of invasions by the Chinese Sui Dynasty between 598 to 614, known as the Goguryeo-Sui Wars. He fended off four Sui campaigns by Emperors Wendi and Yangdi, including the great assault of 612, during which more than a million troops invaded Goguryeo territory.
The Samguk Sagi relates that Yeong-yang was of unsurpassed charisma and had a magnanimous character, and "made it his undertaking to relieve the sufferings of the world and bring peace to the people" (Samguk Sagi, "Annals of Goguryeo", vol. 19). He was named Crown Prince by his father in 566, and he assumed the throne when the king died in 590.
King Yeong-yang's reign took place in the context of heightened rivalry among the Korean Three Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, as well as the unification of China by the Sui and the growing ambitions of that power. Initially Yeong-yang enjoyed cordial relations with Sui, receiving from the Sui emperor Wendi his enfeoffment as king of Goguryeo and attendant "offices and ranks" by tradition granted by Chinese dynasties to tribute monarchs. At the same time, Yeong-yang strengthened relations with the Khitan and Mohe tribes to the north, in the preparations for war against China begun by his father.
In 598 however the Sui emperor Wendi grew incensed by a Goguryeo armed incursion into the Liaodong peninsula, a region claimed by Sui. It was largely this affront, combined with Sui's own geopolitical ambitions to reestablish the hegemony enjoyed by the Han Dynasty, that induced Wendi to launch a 300,000-men invasion of Goguryeo in 598. The 598 Sui invasion was foiled by disease and the weather (a severe storm wreaked havoc on the would-be invasion fleet).
In 607 Emperor Yangdi discovered that Goguryeo was in contact with Qiren Khan (?-609), khan of the Eastern Turks, another ostensible vassal state to the Sui. This convinced Yangdi to launch a campaign of 113,3800 troops by land and sea against the recalitrant Goguryeo in 612. This too Goguryeo was able to defeat, most notably in the battle of Salsu led by the General Eulji Mundeok.
In 613, and again in 614, Yangdi issued orders for additional unsuccessful campaigns against Goguryeo. When Yeong-yang failed to appear at the Sui court in formal submission another invasion was planned, offset only by domestic turmoil and the subsequent fall of the Sui in 618.
That same year saw the death of Yeong-yang, and he was succeeded by his half-brother Go Geon-mu.
In the meanwhile, Goguryeo attacked the southern Korean kingdoms Baekje and Silla in a failed bid to reclaim the Seoul region. Silla, under attack by both Goguryeo and former ally Baekje, reached out to the Sui Dynasty. Silla would later ally with Sui's successor, the Tang Dynasty, to unite much of the Korean peninsula in 668.
Yeong-yang ordered the compilation of a new history text Sinjip (신집, 新集), although no copies survive today.
![[Resim: yeongyang.jpg]](http://img15.imageshack.us/i/yeongyang.jpg/)
King Yeongyang (590-618) /영양왕 or 평양왕
Goguryeo Krali olan Yeong-yang 590-618 yillari arasinda yani 28 yil tahtta kalmistir.
Goguryeo’nun 26. kralidir. Goguryeo Kore’deki 3 kralliktan kuzeyde bulunanidir.
Kral Yeong-yang, Kral Pyeongwon’un (559-590) en büyük ogludur.
598-614 yillari arasinda Çin’in Sui Hanedanligi tarafindan yapilan akinlari geri püskürtmekle ugrasti. Ayni zamanda bu dönemde çok önemli savas olarak bilinen Goguryeo-Sui savasi da olmustu. Kral Yeongyang, baslarinda Çin hükümdarlari bulunan Wendi ve Yangdi’ye ait olan 4 Çin karargahini yok etti. 612 yilinda büyük bir saldiri yapti ve ordusuyla bereaber toplamda bir milyondan fazla Çin askerini öldürdüler.
Kore’nin en bilindik tarih kitabi olan Samguk Sagi’ye göre Yeong-yang’in beklenildigi gibi güçlü görünen bir karizmasi yoktu. Yüce gönüllü olan bir karaktere sahipti. O insanlarin acisini azaltmayi ve onlara her zaman barisi getirmeyi isteyen bir kisiydi. Babasi tarafindan 566 yilinda veliaht prens ilan edildi. 590 yilinda babasi öldügünde de tahtin basina geçti.
Yeong-yang zamaninda 3 kralliktan biri olan Goguryeo en parlak dönemini yasadi. Onun güçlü olmasi Çin’in de kendine çeki düzen vermesini ve güçlü olmaya çalismasini sagladi. Ilk zamanlar Yeong-yang, Çin hükümdari olan Wendi ile güzel iliskiler içinde oldu. Onlarin geleneklerini kendi ülkesinde de benimsedi.
Ayni zamanda Kral Yeong-yang kuzey tarafinda bulunan Khitan ve Mohe kabileleri ile de iyi iliskiler içinde oldu. Babasi zamaninda Çin ile kötü dönemler yasamis olmalari daha sonralarda Çin ile olan savaslarin baslamasina neden oldu.
598 yilinda Sui imparatoru Wendi, Goguryeo ordusunun Liaodong Yarimadasina saldiri yapmasi üzerine çok kizdi. Bu durumla Han Imparatorlugu da dalga geçti ve Sui Imparatorlugunu kizdirip kiskirttilar. Çin Imparatoru Wendi ise 300.000 askerle 598 yilinda Goguryeo’ya saldirdi. O yildaki savasta Çin ordusu yenilgiye ugradi. (Hastaliklar ve mevsim sartlari yüzünden yenildiler. Çok siddetli firtinalar oluyordu.)
607 yilinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi Goguryeo’nun (dogudaki Türkler olan) Göktürk hükümdari olan Qiren Khan (?-609) ile aralarinin iyi oldugunu ögrendi. Bu sebeple 612 yilinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi Goguryeo’ya denizden saldirdi. Goguryeo General Eulji Mundeok sayesinde bu savasi da kazandi.
613 ve 614 yillarinda Çin hükümdari Yangdi yine saldirilar düzenledi Goguryeo'ya. Ancak bu saldirilar da çok zayifti ve basari elde edemedi. Kargasa ve iç karisikliklar yüzünden 618 yilinda Sui ordusu yenildi.
Ayni yil Yeong-yang öldü ve yerine üvey kardesi Go Geon-mu geçti. Bu arada Goguryeo Baekje ve Silla’ya da saldirmaya basladi. Silla ise Goguryeo ve Baekje saldirina ugradi.
Silla ise Çin imparatorugu olan Tang ile isbirligi yapti.
Yeong-yang döneminde yasanilan olaylar “Sinjip” (신집, 新集) adinda bir kitapta toplanmisti. Ancak günümüze bir kopyasi ulasamadi.
Çeviri: Melissaa
English
Yeongyang of Goguryeo
King Yeong-yang of Goguryeo (?-618, r. 590-618) was the 26th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of King Pyeongwon (r. 559-590).
He is noted for repelling a series of invasions by the Chinese Sui Dynasty between 598 to 614, known as the Goguryeo-Sui Wars. He fended off four Sui campaigns by Emperors Wendi and Yangdi, including the great assault of 612, during which more than a million troops invaded Goguryeo territory.
The Samguk Sagi relates that Yeong-yang was of unsurpassed charisma and had a magnanimous character, and "made it his undertaking to relieve the sufferings of the world and bring peace to the people" (Samguk Sagi, "Annals of Goguryeo", vol. 19). He was named Crown Prince by his father in 566, and he assumed the throne when the king died in 590.
King Yeong-yang's reign took place in the context of heightened rivalry among the Korean Three Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, as well as the unification of China by the Sui and the growing ambitions of that power. Initially Yeong-yang enjoyed cordial relations with Sui, receiving from the Sui emperor Wendi his enfeoffment as king of Goguryeo and attendant "offices and ranks" by tradition granted by Chinese dynasties to tribute monarchs. At the same time, Yeong-yang strengthened relations with the Khitan and Mohe tribes to the north, in the preparations for war against China begun by his father.
In 598 however the Sui emperor Wendi grew incensed by a Goguryeo armed incursion into the Liaodong peninsula, a region claimed by Sui. It was largely this affront, combined with Sui's own geopolitical ambitions to reestablish the hegemony enjoyed by the Han Dynasty, that induced Wendi to launch a 300,000-men invasion of Goguryeo in 598. The 598 Sui invasion was foiled by disease and the weather (a severe storm wreaked havoc on the would-be invasion fleet).
In 607 Emperor Yangdi discovered that Goguryeo was in contact with Qiren Khan (?-609), khan of the Eastern Turks, another ostensible vassal state to the Sui. This convinced Yangdi to launch a campaign of 113,3800 troops by land and sea against the recalitrant Goguryeo in 612. This too Goguryeo was able to defeat, most notably in the battle of Salsu led by the General Eulji Mundeok.
In 613, and again in 614, Yangdi issued orders for additional unsuccessful campaigns against Goguryeo. When Yeong-yang failed to appear at the Sui court in formal submission another invasion was planned, offset only by domestic turmoil and the subsequent fall of the Sui in 618.
That same year saw the death of Yeong-yang, and he was succeeded by his half-brother Go Geon-mu.
In the meanwhile, Goguryeo attacked the southern Korean kingdoms Baekje and Silla in a failed bid to reclaim the Seoul region. Silla, under attack by both Goguryeo and former ally Baekje, reached out to the Sui Dynasty. Silla would later ally with Sui's successor, the Tang Dynasty, to unite much of the Korean peninsula in 668.
Yeong-yang ordered the compilation of a new history text Sinjip (신집, 新集), although no copies survive today.
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