King Sinmun / 신문왕 (Silla) (681-692)
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Kral Sinmun
Sinmun (hükümdarligi 681-692 yillari arasindaydi), baslarda Kore yarimadasinin güneybatisinda bulunan ve 7. yüzyilda hükmü sirasinda tüm yarimadayi birlestirmeye çalisan bir devlet olan Silla'nin otuzbirinci kraliydi. Kendisi Silla Krali Munmu ve Kraliçe Ja-eui'nin en büyük ogluydu. Sinmun'un hükümdarligi birlesme yandasi Kraliyetin otoritesini saglamlastirmak ve yakin zamanlarda büyüyen Silla devletinin hüküm süren düzenegini düzeltmek ve sistematiklestirmek adina yaptiklariyla tanimlanir.
Sinmun Kral Munmu tarafindan 665 yilinda veliaht Prens ilan edilmistir. Çin'in Tang Hanedanligi'nin askeri yardimiyla rakip Baekjae ve Goguryeo’yu yenmesini takiben, yarimadanin Silla olarak birlesmesinin ardindan iktidara geldi. Tang'in istegi yarimada üzerinde egemenligini kurmakti. 681 yazi sonlarinda iktidara geleli çok geçmeden (yeni merhum Kral Munmu için hala yas dönemi geçerliydi), kraliyet otoritesine karsi ciddi bir isyan çikti. Yüksek rütbeli bir Silla memuru olan liderin adini tasiyan ''Kim Heumdol Isyani'', asil memur grubunun kraliyet otoritesine karsi ciddi bir sorun olusturmasinin yani sira bu gruba karsi kralin gücünün azalmasini da saglamistir. Kim isyaninin sebepleri süphelidir. Kim Heumdol, Sinmun’un kayinpederiydi. Sinmun’un, Kim Heumdol'un kizinin araciligiyla ona bir erkek varis vermedeki basarisizligi ve Kim'in saraydaki etkisinin sarsilmasi bu isyan için önemli bir faktör olabilir.
Baska bilginler bunu, birlesme savaslarindaki basarili neticeleri olup kendi etkilerinin ve mevkilerinin sarsilmasindan sonra, askeri liderler tarafindan meydana getirilen daha ciddi bir sorun olarak görür. Yine de digerleri asillerin sikayet sebeplerinin, hükümet makamlarinda sayilari git gide çogalan asil olmayan memurlarin etkisinin artmasina dikkat çeker. Her halükârda, 681 isyani çok geçmeden bastirildi ve Kim Heumdol ile yandaslari infaz edildi. Sinmun'un hükümranliginda ayrica Silla hükümetinin gelistigi ve yeniden yapilananan Silla topraklarinin büyüdügü görülmüstür. Bir takim subeler kuruldu ve ilk defa olarak 9 ulusal eyalet sistemi teskilati olusturuldu.
Baekje ve Goguryeo'yu yenip bazi insanlara boyun egdirmek için Sinmun'un güttügü "Ikincil baskentler" 小京, politikasi dizisi de kuruldu. 682'de Sinmun, Konfüçyüs klasiklerinde memur egitimi hizmeti vermek için Gukhak yani Ulusal Akademi'yi kurdu. Dini Törenlerin Kitabi ve diger klasiklerin kopyasini isteme için çok geçmeden o vakit Imparatoriçe Wu'nun yönetimindeki Tang'a bir elçi gönderdi.
Sinmun 692'de öldü, kraliyet otoritesi çesitli ciddi mücadelelerle bozuldu, düzenleme ve Silla ülkesinin gelismesi için bir sistem kuruldu. Sinmun'un otoritesine karsi yapilan asil mücadeleleri bastrilmasina ragmen Silla'nin gelecegini sekillendiren toplusal huzursuzlugun ve politik karisikligin habercileri oldu.
Kaynak:wikipedia
Çeviri: FiLiZz53, kizillale, sunshine
Hepsine Çok Tesekkürler..
English:
Sinmun (r. 681-692) was the thirty-first king of Silla, a Korean state that originated in the southwestern Korean peninsula and went on to unify most of the peninsula under its rule in the mid 7th century. He was the eldest son of Silla's king Munmu and Queen Ja-eui. Sinmun's reign may be characterized by his attempts to consolidate royal authority following unification and to reorganize and systematize the governing appartus of the newly enlarged Silla state.
Sinmun was named crown prince by Munmu in 665. He came to power in the immediate wake of Silla's unification of the peninsula following its defeats of rival Baekje and Goguryeo with military aid from Tang China, and then its check of Tang ambitions to establish its hegemony over the peninsula. It was in late summer 681, not long after coming to power (the official period of mourning was in fact still in effect for the recently deceased King Munmu), that a serious revolt broke out against royal authority. The so-called "Kim Heumdol Revolt", named after its leader, a high-ranking Silla official, though a serious challenge to royal authority on the part of a clique of aristocratic officials, also provided Sinmun with the motive to solidify his power through a purge of certain aristocrats. The causes of Kim's revolt are disputed. Kim Heumdol was the father-in-law of Sinmun, who had married his daughter. The failure of Sinmun to produce a male heir through her, and the subsequent erosion of Kim's favor and influence at court may have been a key factor.
Other scholars see in it a more serious challenge on the part of military leaders (some of whom were also implicated), who following the successful conclusion of the wars of unification saw their own influence and status erode. Still others see the source of aristocratic grievance being the rising influence of non aristocratic officials, who were increasingly being used to staff government posts. In any case, the 681 revolt was soon put down and Kim Heumdol and those implicated were executed.
Sinmun's reign also saw the expansion of the Silla government and reorganization of Silla territory. Several new departments were established and for the first time were oganized a system of nine national provinces (an organization that had clear allusions to the nine provinces of China during the reign of King Yu 禹王, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty). Established as well were a series of "secondary capitals" 小京, to which it was Sinmun's policy to relocate many of the peoples subjugated by the defeats of Baekje and Goguryeo. In 682 Sinmun also established the Gukhak, or National Academy, dedicated to training officials in the Confucian classics. He soon thereafter dispatched an embassy to Tang, now under the rule of Empress Wu, to request copies of the Book of Rites and other classics.
Sinmun died in 692, having weathered several serious challenges to royal authority and set the framework for the organization and governance of the expanded Silla state. The aristocratic challenges to his authority, though defeated, were harbingers of the social unrest and political upheavals that would characterize later Silla.
Source:wikipedia
![[Resim: 5489646685kopya.jpg]](http://img255.imageshack.us/my.php?image=5489646685kopya.jpg)
Kral Sinmun
Sinmun (hükümdarligi 681-692 yillari arasindaydi), baslarda Kore yarimadasinin güneybatisinda bulunan ve 7. yüzyilda hükmü sirasinda tüm yarimadayi birlestirmeye çalisan bir devlet olan Silla'nin otuzbirinci kraliydi. Kendisi Silla Krali Munmu ve Kraliçe Ja-eui'nin en büyük ogluydu. Sinmun'un hükümdarligi birlesme yandasi Kraliyetin otoritesini saglamlastirmak ve yakin zamanlarda büyüyen Silla devletinin hüküm süren düzenegini düzeltmek ve sistematiklestirmek adina yaptiklariyla tanimlanir.
Sinmun Kral Munmu tarafindan 665 yilinda veliaht Prens ilan edilmistir. Çin'in Tang Hanedanligi'nin askeri yardimiyla rakip Baekjae ve Goguryeo’yu yenmesini takiben, yarimadanin Silla olarak birlesmesinin ardindan iktidara geldi. Tang'in istegi yarimada üzerinde egemenligini kurmakti. 681 yazi sonlarinda iktidara geleli çok geçmeden (yeni merhum Kral Munmu için hala yas dönemi geçerliydi), kraliyet otoritesine karsi ciddi bir isyan çikti. Yüksek rütbeli bir Silla memuru olan liderin adini tasiyan ''Kim Heumdol Isyani'', asil memur grubunun kraliyet otoritesine karsi ciddi bir sorun olusturmasinin yani sira bu gruba karsi kralin gücünün azalmasini da saglamistir. Kim isyaninin sebepleri süphelidir. Kim Heumdol, Sinmun’un kayinpederiydi. Sinmun’un, Kim Heumdol'un kizinin araciligiyla ona bir erkek varis vermedeki basarisizligi ve Kim'in saraydaki etkisinin sarsilmasi bu isyan için önemli bir faktör olabilir.
Baska bilginler bunu, birlesme savaslarindaki basarili neticeleri olup kendi etkilerinin ve mevkilerinin sarsilmasindan sonra, askeri liderler tarafindan meydana getirilen daha ciddi bir sorun olarak görür. Yine de digerleri asillerin sikayet sebeplerinin, hükümet makamlarinda sayilari git gide çogalan asil olmayan memurlarin etkisinin artmasina dikkat çeker. Her halükârda, 681 isyani çok geçmeden bastirildi ve Kim Heumdol ile yandaslari infaz edildi. Sinmun'un hükümranliginda ayrica Silla hükümetinin gelistigi ve yeniden yapilananan Silla topraklarinin büyüdügü görülmüstür. Bir takim subeler kuruldu ve ilk defa olarak 9 ulusal eyalet sistemi teskilati olusturuldu.
Baekje ve Goguryeo'yu yenip bazi insanlara boyun egdirmek için Sinmun'un güttügü "Ikincil baskentler" 小京, politikasi dizisi de kuruldu. 682'de Sinmun, Konfüçyüs klasiklerinde memur egitimi hizmeti vermek için Gukhak yani Ulusal Akademi'yi kurdu. Dini Törenlerin Kitabi ve diger klasiklerin kopyasini isteme için çok geçmeden o vakit Imparatoriçe Wu'nun yönetimindeki Tang'a bir elçi gönderdi.
Sinmun 692'de öldü, kraliyet otoritesi çesitli ciddi mücadelelerle bozuldu, düzenleme ve Silla ülkesinin gelismesi için bir sistem kuruldu. Sinmun'un otoritesine karsi yapilan asil mücadeleleri bastrilmasina ragmen Silla'nin gelecegini sekillendiren toplusal huzursuzlugun ve politik karisikligin habercileri oldu.
Kaynak:wikipedia
Çeviri: FiLiZz53, kizillale, sunshine
Hepsine Çok Tesekkürler..
English:
Sinmun (r. 681-692) was the thirty-first king of Silla, a Korean state that originated in the southwestern Korean peninsula and went on to unify most of the peninsula under its rule in the mid 7th century. He was the eldest son of Silla's king Munmu and Queen Ja-eui. Sinmun's reign may be characterized by his attempts to consolidate royal authority following unification and to reorganize and systematize the governing appartus of the newly enlarged Silla state.
Sinmun was named crown prince by Munmu in 665. He came to power in the immediate wake of Silla's unification of the peninsula following its defeats of rival Baekje and Goguryeo with military aid from Tang China, and then its check of Tang ambitions to establish its hegemony over the peninsula. It was in late summer 681, not long after coming to power (the official period of mourning was in fact still in effect for the recently deceased King Munmu), that a serious revolt broke out against royal authority. The so-called "Kim Heumdol Revolt", named after its leader, a high-ranking Silla official, though a serious challenge to royal authority on the part of a clique of aristocratic officials, also provided Sinmun with the motive to solidify his power through a purge of certain aristocrats. The causes of Kim's revolt are disputed. Kim Heumdol was the father-in-law of Sinmun, who had married his daughter. The failure of Sinmun to produce a male heir through her, and the subsequent erosion of Kim's favor and influence at court may have been a key factor.
Other scholars see in it a more serious challenge on the part of military leaders (some of whom were also implicated), who following the successful conclusion of the wars of unification saw their own influence and status erode. Still others see the source of aristocratic grievance being the rising influence of non aristocratic officials, who were increasingly being used to staff government posts. In any case, the 681 revolt was soon put down and Kim Heumdol and those implicated were executed.
Sinmun's reign also saw the expansion of the Silla government and reorganization of Silla territory. Several new departments were established and for the first time were oganized a system of nine national provinces (an organization that had clear allusions to the nine provinces of China during the reign of King Yu 禹王, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty). Established as well were a series of "secondary capitals" 小京, to which it was Sinmun's policy to relocate many of the peoples subjugated by the defeats of Baekje and Goguryeo. In 682 Sinmun also established the Gukhak, or National Academy, dedicated to training officials in the Confucian classics. He soon thereafter dispatched an embassy to Tang, now under the rule of Empress Wu, to request copies of the Book of Rites and other classics.
Sinmun died in 692, having weathered several serious challenges to royal authority and set the framework for the organization and governance of the expanded Silla state. The aristocratic challenges to his authority, though defeated, were harbingers of the social unrest and political upheavals that would characterize later Silla.
Source:wikipedia
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